Antonio Flores’ Blog

This title of this post infers the existence of a type of residential rental contract that lasts for 11 months, no more but no less. And to a certain extent, if you had just landed in certain parts of Spain and you’d met up with property professionals (real estate agents mostly) there would be no reason to not believe that an 11-month contract –short term or holiday rental- is distinct from a 1-year plus contract –long term-.

At the same time, there appears to be an informal network of non-legal practitioners who are routinely consulted by people with legal problems and have, by reiteration, created parallel pseudo laws (and even case law) that, quite simply, do not exist in real life. And the 11-month contract is one ‘legislative’ creation of these “Costa” lawmakers as it does not exist as a standalone contract type. 

The following bullet points will help understand the current situation with urban rental contracts:

• There are only 2 types of urban rental contracts: residential rental contracts and non-residential rental contracts (which includes short term/holiday lets, commercial, etc.).
• Duration of residential rental contracts can be freely agreed between the parties. If the agreed term is below 3 years, the contract will be automatically extended on expiration of contract term unless the tenant submits notice of termination of contract with at least 30 days.
• The above rule is mandatory and cannot be waived by the parties by private agreement.
• Many residential rental contracts are disguised as short term, and consequently many short term contracts will be treated as residential by the Courts.
• The Spanish Supreme Court has stated that irrespective of the name given to the contract or the term agreed by the parties, if the tenant had a requirement for a habitual and family domicile to take care of his/her permanent and essential needs (and that of the family), the contract will be deemed residential and therefore the 3-year rule will apply.

Likewise, the short-term nature of the contract refers to not the duration but to the reason and purpose of occupation of the property, it being determined by its brevity.

Means to prove that a short term contract is in reality a residential one are, for example, the tenant(s) having a job wherever he/she lives or running a company, children’s school enrollment, registration with the Town Hall (‘empadronamiento’) etc.

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A couple of weeks ago, I received a telephone enquiry relating to an imminent bank repossession where the soon-to-be ex property owner, seemingly knowing the ins and outs of rental law, requested a quote to draw up a rental agreement. Out of curiosity I asked him if he was going to submit it to the Courts to stop the eviction, and unsurprisingly, he confirmed my question.

His plan was pretty simple: he as the landlord would sign a backdated tenancy agreement with a friend, for a smallish rent (around €200, inclusive of utilities!), with a view to not be considered an “unlawful occupant” and therefore, avoid eviction on grounds that Spanish laws do actually dispense protection to tenants.

What this enquirer forgot is that common sense applies in Spain too and therefore, in the absence of proof of a history of payments to him by his friend, the Courts would deem the contract bogus and deny its existence and therefore, validity. Moreover, I had to quickly advise him that in fact, the Spanish Criminal Code in its article 257 states that “any person who in detriment of his creditors, carries out any act of valuable disposition or creates obligations that delay, hinder or impede the efficacy of an embargo, executive procedure or reposession, whether judicial, extrajudicial or administrative, initiated or of foreseable initiation, will serve a prison term of between 1 and 4 years.

The Courts uphold the principle of common sense when judging the validity of rental agreements submitted by tenants; let us have a quick look at these 2 examples:

Appeal Court in Toledo: in this case, the rental agreement was deemed a simulation and thus did not express the true intent between the parties because, according to the presiding Judges, it was signed between brothers, the monthly rental was €400 on a 2,000 m2 warehouse, there was no visible activity in it (a big lock on the door is mentioned on a photographic report) and there were only private receipts to prove the rental payments. An accumulation of evidence that, in the eyes of the Court, was consistent with that of a simulated contract and thus, the repossessing bank was granted possession.

Appeal Court in Madrid: Judges in the capital city found the rental contract to be fully valid, as there is a presumption of validity of juridical contracts that needs to be destroyed by the bank, and this has not been achieved as the latter entity since only invoked that the contracts were subsequent to the mortgage loan. And the Spanish Supreme Court is clear on this point: “…not even a bank foreclosure extinguishes tenancy agreements agreed to after signing the mortgage loan, if there is no sufficient proof that there was collusion or fraud.”

Antonio Flores Litigation, Mortgages, Property Eviction Spanish Property, eviction tenants foreclosure, foreclosure in spain, litigation rental contracts, Spanish banks, spanish rental contract